Preface When we constrain the FPGA project, we often see such level standards, such as LVCOM18, LVCOS25, LVDS, LVDS25, etc. In fact, these are a series of level standards, in order to have a deeper understanding of the level standards, the following excerpts from the book "The FPGA Way" for the explanation of the level standards to understand. Dual Threshold Standard The so-called dual-threshold s...

In today’s power systems, digital substations have revolutionized control and monitoring with their intelligent electronic devices (IEDs). However, these advanced infrastructures are not immune to threats. In fact, their complexity and sensitivity demand a new level of protection—and that’s where EverExceed comes in. Understanding the Threats to Digital Substations Whether built from the ground up...

1. Growing Demand for Power – The Role of Substations In today’s rapidly developing world, electricity demand is increasing at an unprecedented pace. Power generation plants — whether hydroelectric, thermal, or nuclear — are often located far from the main load centers due to geographical and resource constraints. To ensure reliable energy delivery, high-voltage transmission networks carry electri...